Mtv Research Paper Essay Example for Free

Mtv Research Paper EssayThe first song that was contend on MTV was called Video killed the Radio Star. It was sung by a root word called The Buggles. This was a very popular song all over and it was deemed a advanced choice for the first song broadcasted. Many people as well believed that the inwardness of the song was that MTV, the new music video broadcasting station was going to destroy the radio. Some people thought that the song was performed live, but it was honourable a video. MTV was quite a monolithic hit by the 1990s. It was viewed in over 50 million American homes. It became a target for all advertisers because of the number of juvenility viewers that watched MTV.The kids would beg their parents to buy the products they saw on the advertisements and it made out to be a good investment for advertisers. The attention and money that the advertisers brought in was good for MTV because they got more offers to get commercial time which means more money for them. Som e people that were on MTV when it was in its first few years were pier Dylan, Bruce Springsteen, Sheryl Crow, Cranberries, and Nirvana. They helped to kind of kick off the show and set it up for happy years to come. at that place are in like manner almost big-named people who probably played music from that MTV which helped to jump start their career.Madonna, Michael Jackson, Prince, Peter Gabriel, U2, and Duran Duran were some of the people that were all a part of MTV at one time. In a way, these people also helped MTV to get a good start too. The more big names that they brought in the more attention they got from viewers. This was good for the singers and MTV. The target audience that MTV chose was teens age 12 to 21. With this age group, they found that they got very good viewing rates. Artists whose songs were played on MTV found that the sales of their song increased.This is what gave advertisers the idea that they could do good business if they had an ad on MTV. With thi s targeted audience, they also found that their viewing rates continued to rise. Today they still target the same audience and they are still very successful in the way that they draw the audience. There have been a few changes in MTV since the start. They released a new logo after 30 years. It is not overmuch different. It is just a little bit bigger and it is one color. The last was a mix between a few colors. The old one was intentional by Frank Olinsky and it was a very big hit, but it was just time for a change.In 1986, the President and CEO, Robert Pittman left. There is no exact commentary why but he did. Over time, they started to show more reality shows than anything else. Some people interchangeabled the change to more reality shows but some people like the old school music videos all the time. There were some companies and investors that made it possible for MTV to even start. Warner Communications and American Express were big investors that helped in the starting of the show. Warner Amex was basically the main establisher and owner for about five years after the start.Then, in 1986, Viacom purchased MTV from Warner Amex. Now Viacom is the owner with all rights to MTV. There are other networks that MTV and Viacom own. They own VH1 that was released in 1985 and its purpose was to play adult contemporary. Then, in 1996, MTV2 was released to allow fans to see commercial free music videos. MTV (the original) became available in Manhattan and Los Angeles. Many people called this the second launch of MTV. They also own all Nickelodeon stations, Comedy Central, and CMT. This is not all it is just a few that you whitethorn know.Although MTV has been very popular, it has also had a few controversial shows that some fans did not agree with. Beavis and Butthead was very controversial because some viewers felt that it was pointless and that the phraseology was a bad influence for some of the younger audience that watched it. Celebrity Deathmatch was a par t of this list because it made fun of the celebrities and it had bad language and violence. 16 and Pregnant was another show that some people did not like because it could encourage some of the younger viewers to engage in sexual intercourse which is the problem with the people on the show.It is meant to deter kids from ending up like that but it only encourages some. Jersey Shore was the last show that people did not agree with. They believe that the people on the show are irresponsible and kids these days may think its cool and try to be like them. Over the years, MTV has had an impact on our generation, but also on our parents generation. A lot of younger teens parents that are around (14) grow up watching MTV. It is not the same now as it was then because of the popularity in different kinds of music over the years and they are now showing more reality shows.MTV also has an effect on its viewers. Most people that have ever seen MTV are probably hooked on it and they like to wat ch it. Also, the persuasion by friends to ramify other friends to watch it because it is cool and you arent if you dont watch it. MTV has been very important over its years in various ways. It has brought a unhurt new way to experience music. Before MTV, you could only hear music over the radio, but when MTV aired, it played music videos, which was a whole new member to music over all.They have also helped lots of artists to grow and become more popular with just a few minutes of air time. This bollocks up truly helped many people become more popular. With music videos, many people became more persuaded into buying the song even though they may not like the song. Even if they really like the video, they would still buy it because of the video and they werent paying attention to the song. It is very smart on the part of the broadcasters because they could just draw in an audience with an exciting video and you would think nothing of the song, just the video.

Animal Motif on Macbeth Essay Example for Free

Animal Motif on Macbeth EssayShakespeare uses wight motif extensively to convey to the audience Macbeths thoughts and also to reflect the hap of the plot in general. In scene i and iii of Act III, horses are mentioned repeatedly. Before delving into these scenes, it is important to note the role of horses previously recently, Duncans fine, courtly horses turned wild and ate each other.In scene i, Macbeth urges Banquo to his horse Hie you to horse (III, i, 34) and in scene iii, the murderers that Macbeth hired become conscious of Banquos presence Hark, I hear horses. (III, iii, 8) The horses epitomize the witches prophesy that fair will be foul and foul will be fair. Horses that are meant to facilitate tape drive (constructive) are now destructive. This change in the influence of horses reflects the deep degree to which disorder and confusion extend in Scotland now.On a few occasions, Macbeth uses an animal to directly describe his feelings. He does so in scene ii, right aft er he provokes men into vowing to murder his friend Banquo, by saying his read/write head is full of scorpions (III, ii, 36). Indeed, like venomous scorpions, Macbeth is now fully engaged in harming others. Another example is when Macbeth tells Lady Macbeth that they have scotched the serpent, not killed it (III, ii, 13), an indication that Macbeth does and will not feel his position is secure until Banquo is killed as well.It is also worth noting that even though Macbeth is referring to Lady Macbeths earlier serpent motif (I, v, 64), Macbeth is comparing the snake to Banquo, while Lady Macbeth compares the snake to Macbeth. This change seems inappropriate, since Banquo does not seem to possess the characteristics that snakes are typically associated with slyness. Macbeth is in fact deceiving himself into thinking that Banquo is as cunningly perfidious as himself, as is shown in his soliloquy when he thinks Banquo chid the sisters (III, i, 56).During Macbeth and Banquos first enc ounter with the witches, Banquo clearly states that he neither begs nor fears their favours nor their hate. (I, iii, 60-61) It was Macbeth who criticized the witches of being imperfect speakers (I, iii, 70) and demanded to know more. Macbeth is deluding himself into thinking negatively of Banquo to justify himself for murdering his friend, to rid himself of guilt. This effort is in turn a stage of Macbeths transformation of losing conscience and becoming one who is full of scarcely greed and ambition.

Reflective presentation of the risk assessment conducted in ealing christian centre

Reflective presentation of the risk assessment conducted in ealing christian centreIntroduction Under the consent of the head pastor of Ealing Christian Centre, Northfield, London, I was granted the permission to do my practical(a) placement with the church in December 2008. I was directed to the stave in charge of the churchs health and safety whose induction given to me in December 2008 and willingness to supervise me in my forty hour practical project plan to start on 11th January 2009 was beneficial to me. Since the church edifice and it surrounding environment atomic number 18 places where people often meet to fellowship, it is very important to run into the safety of these places such as the Church, the Church halls, churchyards and ground ar safe for worshipers and lag to delectation. If these places are ignored of assessing their risk of usage they can cause solemn pain and suffering to people which may often disrupt the peaceful running of the church and its activ ities. Risk assessment by definition is suggested to be a progressive stage in risk management process, which determines measur sufficient characteristic value of hazards in relation to definite situation and the identification of the threat. And in this practical reflective presentation, I will base the health and safety risk assessment I conducted in Ealing Christian Centre on the Systems posture in place for safer place of worship as briefed by my supervisory program at induction, and the Daily Time log on my observations.Systems Put In direct for Safer Place of Worship Security of the Church Building Ealing Christian Centre as I intimate from my induction day, is a big building used as place of worship for both able and disabled adults, young people and children of various age groups. The boundaries of the church premises are clearly defined with contrive walls and good wooden fencing. The brink ways are protected such that they do not give cover to intruders. When not in use, all the entrances and windows are securely dispo agnised. thither is no easy access from points such as lower adjacent structures, compounds, walls or pipes to the roof and has an intruder alarm installed there. I excessively learned that their musical instruments, computers and private files are securely protected from thieves. Vehicle access to the church grounds as I learned was controlled only on sunlights and any other major pillowcase in the church. There is a gate that is locked to prevent access when the parking spaces are full. Theft and Damage There are storerooms for securing valuable items such as audio, visual and musical instruments when they are not in use. The church has offices which are also locked when not in use but all staff and members are advised to safeguard their soulal belongings in the church. Cash is counted in a secure room out(p) of sight, removed from the premises overnight and holdings are kept in the minimum, stored in safe installed fo r small valuable items. The offering how ever is not adequately protected from theft since the offering basket allows every hand to reach the collected money at its base. Items that could be used as missiles to commit damage are removed from roughly the building, and refuse stored safely away in metal containers from vulnerable worlds. Management and Practice The church has no specific annual figure for crime and vandalism prevention measures separate from any general repair funds. Even though staffs eat up suggested people should report acts of vandalism immediately on recovery, most people do not. However damages are quickly repaired to discourage further similar acts while criminal acts reported automatically to the law of nature if cognise. Details of the nature, date, place and cost of theft or vandalism are to be recorded in logbooks but mostly it is not done. Advice has been sort from the natural law Crime Prevention Office, Fire Prevention Office, the Insurer and the Security Industry so there is detailed procedure for recording and investigating put d turn over gots. The community through and through the police and Church watch scheme are involved in the in safeguarding the church building. But for tribute reasons there is no procedure put in place for the police and fire service to contact the church key holders in the occurrence of incidents in the building. Other Established Methods There is a proper procedure for keys control and an established procedure for locking up the church. When the building is being locked after activities, the stewards are to inspect the kitchen, toilet, and store rooms to form sure no one is hiding in the building. I learned that the locks of the church are periodically checked to avoid duplication of the keys. Visitors who come to the building are urged to use a particular door that has been signed, but there is no means to monitor the arrival and departure of visitors during church service propagation an d so visitors sometimes wander into the unauthorized areas such as childrens classrooms and office area. There is no arrangement set in place for surveillance during remote opening times except during special events such as youth programmes. This, I check suggest inadequate patrols and checks from the church officials. However, there is an external security lightening system provided to light up the premises during the evenings. Natural surveillance from the area around the building provides a beef-up security for the premises. There is a caretaker animation on the site, whose house is withdrawily accessible. When contractors are sketching in the building, extra security fitting safety and fire precautions are taken by Christians known by the church. The parties involved meet on the site to identify hazards and correct methods of necessary to handle them during work on site. Most of the people who work only if in the building are the people working in the Prayer Centre and eno ugh provision has been made for their personal safety in the building. During unionised childrens events, a register of the children in the building are kept while child protection policies are enforced. Children in the building especially on Sunday services are protected from members of the public who access the building to look for someone or join worshipers. I further learned that all congenital fire doors are fitted with self closing devices and labeled to be kept closed with adequate training to relevant people in locating bunk routes. The fire escape routes and qualifyings are sometimes obstructed by staff and so memos are often sent to all staff as reminders to bread and butter them clear of obstructions. The floors surfaces are free from tripping and slipping risks and emergency exit doors are free to open from inside the building without using keys. The emergency illume systems are installed in correct working order and tested weekly. My Observation from (11/01/2009- 19/04/2009) I was welcome and introduced to the stewards group for the mornings safety briefings. I went with the supervisor to check the fire exit by the pulpit. On our way I retaind that there were some parked chairs obstructing the exit. She notified one of the leaders to see to the removal of the obstruction. I came to alleviate with the arrangement of the seats for the congregation, where I learned how to arrange the seats in their safety locks. A bird asked the supervisor not to use the chairs safety locks in the areas where the elderly people sit because they were not comfortable with the restriction of the chair to one place. The supervisor then explained to her the importance of the safety lock in time of emergency. She told her that it was a standard requirement by the health and safety rules and the purpose was to prevent the chair be attack hazards in case of evacuating the building on emergency. consignment and response by some stewards to duty, fire alarm testing t ime and drill was an let on. I understood that the expected number of stewards for Sunday service was twenty-one but an average of nine seems to be dedicated to take fire drill by 0930. Most of them arrive after worship had begun. The possible paradox I observed was that most of them miss team briefing and go on the floor without team discussions and so might not be able to react according to team plan in time of emergency. This made me to learn how important team briefing is. Parental control of children before children were free for safety keeping during service was also an issue since some mentions leave their children aged between three to five years to wander dangerously around the information area of the auditorium near where the reserved chairs are parked. The heights at which these chairs are parked in the information area are of much concern. I found that they are parked over the required number of twelve making them unstable and could easily fall over a child who may p layfully stray into the store or an adult who may go there to pick a chair since there is no door at the entrance. In comparism to other churches I had visited, the reserved chair store house was securely locked. From this I learned that children should not be left on their own before they are separated to safety. After the service the stewards checked all the exits and locked them. I visited the non-English speaking evening service. I discussed with my supervisor how safe it was for those who could not read English to escape in times of emergency? She explained to me that safety signs included pictures illustrating the written instructions which could help people who could not read English writings to follow the instruction in case of emergency. I also observed at a point that 2 groups (the singing team and the Bible college students) have separate meetings on same day. There was no security at the door to question the purpose of all those who came through the door. The safety of staffs children waiting for their parent was of another concern. In the closed reception I saw some children sitting alone in the dimly lit quiet office. Those who entered into the building rand the door bell from outside the reception door and called their names and they were opened from inside the office without any identity check. This suggests that anybody could follow a genuine person coming into the building through the same door into the reception which could easily be opened from inside when access is gained into the reception. In the main auditorium was also another issue of concern on cables of cleaning equipment running across the auditorium floor without any warning signs. Here also, I saw member of staff children playing in a dimly lit isolated area while their parent was busily cleaning out their sight. The storage of chemicals used for cleaning has been provided with a lock but chemicals is left unlocked to easy access to any one including children who may stray into the cupboard. I discussed the issue with my supervisor form which I learned that there is a problem of supportive agreement and commitment among the stewards and some staff concerning health and safety on the floor, which makes the supervisors work very difficult in area of house-keeping, security of staff, worshipers and children. There were times when fire alarm was scheduled to be tested but was not done for the thought and lifeing of the irritation in interrupting church service. I discussed the emergency lighting system with the supervisor and I was shown how they light automatically from a standby barberry power in the event of power cut. The head steward was not in by the time worship started so the fire alarm was not tested. I had a prattle with one of the choristers about how safe she felt when on stage she state lead wires running across the state during worship time made her feel unsafe. From foyer, I observed that door security was of another concern. Once worshipers enter the building they move around without being monitored. I took some time to observe how some worshipers move around in the foyer. I saw a worshiper squeezing himself through a door to the foyer. My curiosity was aroused to find out the safety of the area to which that door led to. I went through the exit leading to the balcony from the foyer and went through the door and headed to the staircase. I realised that the area was quite and secluded and emergency doors there. The place could be a safe hiding place for anyone with the thought of doing harm in the building. I found two children on the stairs that were vulnerable and could easily be victimised in this secluded area since the attacker could easily escape through the emergency exit out the building. I also observed a woman with mental health issues entering the church and I prompted the attention of an steward and my supervisor. The supervisor said sometimes they come there regularly and when they sit at the main auditori um they employ a steward to sit with them. After service, I observed the lady with the mental health issues walking among children unsupervised in the foyer with children running around. No steward seemed to be trying to control the children from running around. I asked my supervisor if the stewards had any role to play in controlling children from running around. My supervisor took me the door of the stewards briefing room and showed me the notice pasted there that. Part of their business after church was to see to it that children are not running around. But to my surprise some of the stewards did not even know what was on the notice pasted there. The supervisor sent two stewards out to control the children from running around. But, the stewards went into the main auditorium and sublimed amongst the crowd. On the day of water baptism, I went round the foyer to see if there was any way to the balcony. The doors were safely locked. In both male and the female changing room, the bap tized were given support safely to dry them self and change clothes. I observed some level of risks with the worshipers being baptised by immersion in water and the baptizers in the auditorium. Only one person baptised 25 people, some of them who might be almost twice the height and weight of the baptizer. This could strain his ribs and back. Some stewards left leaving the remaining work load of locking up for the committed few. I realised that there was the need for Church workers to be aware of their skill, commitments and knowledge of their work and to work as thought they are working for Christ (John 94).Conclusion From this practical attachment, I learned the importance of risk assessments in the church environment. I have also learned that despite all the safety measures the church had put in place for the worshipers and staffs to be safe in the building, personal disagreements among some staff and various voluntary workers of the various church departments to implementation of safety measures play major contributing factors that create hazardous circumstances for both children and adult in the Church. This has made me to understand how the effectiveness of good team work in the church environment can affect the health, safety and the security of people in the church.

The Purpose Of Research In Social Work Social Work Essay

The Purpose Of Research In Social Work Social Work EssayThis shew will focus on how EBP and convention wiseness should be combined and not seen as opposing opposites as together they have great foster for genial work lend oneself. Also both should determine the practitioners decision making summonses in approach pattern because failing to do so could actually be despotic to both service users and practitioners. Also this integration could facilitate and encourage the use of research amongst affable work practitioners in day to day practice.EBP in social work has been implemented at a slow pace and has not been greatly embraced and setd by practitioners (McNeill, 2006 Pignotti and Thyer, 2009 Mitchell 2011, Nevo and Nevo, 2011). Epstein (2011) highlights how practitioners have voiced that they resent EBP as it presents as a threat to their autonomy and creativity. This idea of EB companionship only if determining practice could be perceived by practitioners as disempoweri ng. An approach that deeconomic values practice information and professional judgement in favour of objective, manualised, and empirically supported interventions (Webb, 2001 Nevo and Nevo, 2011) give the sack be seen to undermine professional autonomy as it places authority of science everywhere the authority of the practitioner (Nevo and Nevo, 2011). Furthermore it can actually be seen to oppress practitioners as it seems to be controlling their decision making process that may ofttimes conflict with their practice wisdom. An approach that alongside EB association also embraced practice based knowledge may be of more use and value to practitioners and may be more likely to be used in practice as it detaches EBP from its solely scientific and thus its oppressive nature.It is now increasingly beingness recognised in the EBP literature that social work values and practitioner wisdom need to be integrated with practice however this integration is often unclear (Epstein, 2009 M itchell, 2011 Nevo and Nevo, 2011). A shift towards usher informed practice (EIP) rather than evidence based practice is now being recognised (Epstein, 2009 Haight, 2010 Nevo and Nevo, 2011). However practice is wisdom is still not acknowledged amongst some EIP advocates for example Haight (2010) but is greatly precious amongst others such as Nevo and Nevo (2011).Stoesz (2010) argues that the social work profession is overly subjective and reflexive and argues that only scientific evidence is acceptable and ethical as anything else could be depriving an individual of effective treatment (Stoesz, 2010 Gambrill, 2010). Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) argon seen to stomach gold standard evidence for practice to be based on. Qualitative research and practice wisdom or clinical judgments are valued the least as are less scientific (Corby, 2006 Epstein, 2002 Dodd and Epstein, 2012). Epstein (2009) rejects the use of RCTs on ethical grounds as the methodology deprives the one group of intervention. RCTs may have value for research findings and in turn practice but its research methodology is unethical to some service users.Ethics is of great importance within social work as it is of importance that social workers be ethical professionals and work anti oppressively. And also be guided by research (Nevo and Nevo, 2011). BASW (2012) code of moral philosophy states that evidence informed knowledge derived from research and practice military rank is the basis of methodology in social work. However if practitioners are not using EB knowledge and are using only practice wisdom this could be depriving service users from an effective treatment and is not integrating evidence into practice. What would be of more value is to encourage and accept EB knowledge and practice wisdom so that not one or the other, but both are valued and used by practitioners so that research is being incorporated into and informing social work practice as BASW (2012) states. Also BASW (2012 ) states that knowledge should also come from practice evaluation and mentions acknowledging context but does not mention practice wisdom. This evidence informed approach whereby acknowledging being specific to context but that does not mention practice wisdom is similar to EIP advocated by Haight (2010).To ignore the existence of practice based wisdom and its perceived value by practitioners in influencing their decision making process will only further limit the potential of integrating EB research into practice.McNeill (2006) highlights how practitioners decision making is not driven by research findings, level when provided with evidence of intervention effectiveness. Gambrill (2006) acknowledges how in social work practice a number of unsupported interventions are conventionally used and accepted in practice that are based on professional authority and clinical experience and not research evidence. Pignotti and Thyer (2009) concluded that just because social workers valued and used EBP interventions they also valued and used Novel unsupported therapies (NUTs) in practice.This could suggest that practice wisdom is valued in the decision making process and could be of priority even when provided with evidence of an interventions effectiveness (Gambrill, 2006 McNeill, 2006). It also could suggest that both EBP and practice wisdom are also co-existing in the decision making process in practice (Pignotti and Thyer, 2009). Pignotti and Thyer (2009) highlights how little is known about why social work practitioners choose NUTs. Similar Research could be of value in potentially identifying how Practice wisdom as well as EB knowledge together both are being used and are of value to practice.Mitchell (2011) illustrates how the sole use of EBP had limited priceless application in real world practice. Mitchell (2011) found that when attempting to implement EB services for young people with complex needs, this was limited without the integration of practice wisdom. As most(prenominal) research focuses on a single disorder or problem it is difficult to implement such research when faced with complex factors that interact in complex ways in real world settings. Also it could be seen as unethical and oppressive to arrange and reduce human beings using solely scientific EB interventions. Corby (2006) states how human beings are too complex to assume a one size fits all approach. In such complex cases as encountered by Mitchell (2001) practice wisdom and EBP were integrated in order to make a decision based not only on evidence but of relevancy to the case at hand. Fook (2012) describes how a reflective practitioner situates themselves and their knowledge in the specific context of a situation, looking at the situation as a whole and in relation to their own experiences. Although the term of practice wisdom is not used this seems to reflect some of the nature of practice wisdom and how it can be of use to each individual case. With exclusion of th eir own experiences Fook (2012) also seems to reflect BASW (2012) concerning Evidence informed knowledge.It seems to be now increasingly acknowledged that practitioners are not passive recipients or implementers of information, however in addition to this practice based wisdom should also be acknowledged as of value. The understanding of the processes of how EB knowledge and practice based knowledge are integrated into practice is of importance to the purpose of research in social work. The integration of research and practice may then be of perceived value to practitioners.One of Mitchells (2011) main arguments was that the main barriers to implementation and value of EBP in real world practice is the oppositional construction that corpse concerning EBP verses practice based wisdom.Fook (2012) describes the notion of divided thinking whereby most phenomena are seen to fit into binary and oppositional categories, with one being devalued in relation to the other. This dichotomous th inking appears to be occurring within social work research and practice in relation to EBP and practice wisdom.

The Concept Of Sell Then Build

The Concept Of Sell Then BuildHousing market play an important subroutine in providence of Malaysia. The demand on admit market increasing year by year since the population of Malaysia is increasing. Undoubtedly, corrupters nowadays buy a signaling is non save for living use, but also for investment use. This criterion causes the lodgement market become massiver than before. In addition, home-buyers who have ability nowadays also look at a feel house for their living place.To digest the large market, the developers act as a key role to supply the large number of hold inquireed and high quality houses. Therefore, lodgment address organisation plays an important role to supply the houses to home-buyers. Currently, there be two important housing delivery placement considered in Malaysia that is STB administration of rules and BTS system.The developers in Malaysia had implemented the conventional STB system for umteen decades, and with this system, developers succ essful to meet the housing market needed. However, there is no system potentiometer be implemented perfectly without any flaws. According to the housing provision performance in five years of Malaysian plan, it shows that the frequent and private sectors have over-supplying the houses needed by using STB system. Furthermore, the badly performance of supplying the housing have risen during the economic d taketurn and the abandoned retchs occurred in 1980s and early 1990s had furbish up the home-buyers disappointed with this situation. Thus, governing body had first succession introduced strain-then-sell (BTS) system to be implemented in 1990 to solve the abandoned housing problem.However, some of the developers claim that BTS system still not feasible to implement in Malaysia housing sector. From developers viewpoint, many a(prenominal) considerations need to be considered such as the approbation of proviso process, fiscal supports, firm characteristic and others in impleme ntation of a suitable housing delivery system.The Concept of Sell-Then-Build (STB) organisationIn Malaysia, most of the developers favor to adopt STB system as the housing delivery system in their festering. With STB system, the developer is al first geared to collect capital from potential home-buyers before the houses universe constructed. The money collected from home-buyers nominate use as part of the finances for the growth. Therefore, the developers can reduce the bridging finance borrowed from bank or financial institution.Under STB system, house-buyers considered as one of the financiers to a reading project since they part-finance the construction live of the project via individual end-financing attained from a financial institution (end-financier). On the other hand, the developer may curb a bridging finance from financial institution ( duo-financier) to bridge-finance the construction costs paid out pending receipt of progressive recompense from the end-finan ciers.There are two master(prenominal) purposes for a pre- trade condition. First, a pre- sales agreement demonstrates a certain level of saleability for the development. With the STB concept, the developers can sell the houses first before they construct the housing projects. Therefore, the developers can estimates the number of houses needed to construct in a housing project. Second, with the pre-sale, it can minimise the bridging finance required to fund the cost of completion in case the developers fails to achieve further sales after the disbursal of the bridging finance(The Association of Banks in Malaysia, 2009). With the STB concept, the developer can minimise the possibility to sustain loss.The Problems Faced by Conventional Sell-Then-Build SystemSTB system had been implemented for four decades in Malaysia and had met the send needed in housing market. However, the implementation of STB system has bring some housing problems which caused by human-being. These problems ha ve caused many home-buyers disappointed with the housing market. Under STB system, the home-buyers locution with numerous problems such as defect problems, late delivery, difficulties in getting Certificate Fitness for Occupation (CFO) and land titles approval, and abandoned projects.The latest few years, many home-buyers have complained that the poor quality of houses reinforced by developers. There are many houses built chthonian STB system faced with the bad defects such as walls and floors cracking, foundation sinking, roof leaking, retaining walls collapsing, septic tank not working and pipes blocking (Property Times, 2005). This situation may occur since the money had been collected from home-buyers by developers during construction period. The wrong developers impart try to jerry- move on the houses to gain more profit. Their irresponsibility behaviour make the bad defects occurred and they escape from the responsibility after they have collect all money. As we know that, nether STB system, the un-built houses are sold to potential home-buyers by showing with a model house. However, there is a risk raised since the workmanship and physique of actual house unit built by developers may be different with the model house.Additionally, the problem of late delivery of houses is always happened under STB system. Although the developers had promised to polish off the houses on the specific date domaind in Sales and bear (SP) Agreement, but the completion of the houses is always delayed from the date promised (Ng, 2007). This problem is keep occurred and make the home-buyers puzzled. Again, the difficulty to get CFO and land titles approval have make the home-buyers disappointed with the insufficient supply of housing units.The worse housing problem under STB system is the abandoned project. Since the developers can legally sold the un-built houses to home-buyers and collect money from them before construction finish, there is a risk that the developers run apart with the money before the houses were sleep togetherd. National Housing Buyers Association Malaysia (2006) revealed that, the developers abandon their projects when they have sold almost all the houses. The table below had been shown the abandoned project occurred from 1990 until 31st whitethorn 2009.From the table 2.1, we can know that, there are 5,484 home-buyers became the victims of abandoned projects. From developers viewpoint, the abandoned projects are neverthe little a small number from total housing development projects and not a serious problem. However, the home-buyers as victims need to bear a heavy of money loss and disappointed with the housing market in Malaysia.oer the years, there is insufficient supply of housing units which have affected most home-buyers. Therefore, the authorities is trying to find a solution to solve these problems. As a result, government had proposed to implement BTS system in Malaysia to avoid these problems raised again and ag ain.The Concept of Build-Then-Sell SystemThe concept of BTS system is definitely different with the concept of STB system. STB system allows the developers to sell the house units before they built and obtain the money from home-buyers to fund construction or secure bridge financing through joint run a risk arrangements with banks (Nor Aini Yusof, 2009). This may give chance to some developers managed to get away from completing their projects with few financial consequences at the expense of unsuspecting home-buyers.Under STB system, many home-buyers complaints just close shoddy workmanship, late delivery of houses and abandoned projects, therefore, the government introduced four initiatives, which hold the establishment of a new One Stop Centre (OSC) at topical anaesthetic authorities, the Issuance of Certificate of Completion and Compliance (CCC) by professionals is introduced to exchange the CFO and BTS system (INTAN, 2007).The concept of BTS system is the developers must complete a housing project before they can sell it to the home-buyers (The Star, 2007). Therefore, the developers cannot collect the money from home-buyers before they complete the housing project under BTS system. The risks of housing development are shared mingled with developers and their lending banks only. Therefore, fewer developers adopt BTS system compared to STB system since only developers with strong financial support are able to implement it. The housing projects that are built and marketed by using BTS system need not comply with the statutory standard SP accords.As difference with STB system, the BTS system allows the developer does not receive progressive hire from end-financiers as STB system. In order for the development project to work successful, the developer need borrow higher financing from the bridge-financier to finance the project. Hence, the bank has to play an important role by providing bridging finance for the construction costs and this forget incre ase the risk exposure of the financial institution. Generally, the banks prefer to lend loan to individual purchasers in many smaller parcels instead of lending it all to the developer in one parcel. Therefore, it is difficult for the new started companies which do not have necessary track record to win over the bank to provide them with the financing to do it in the new BTS system.It is believed that the new concept go forth give some impacts on the current financing practices involving the instance of financial resources such as end finance and bridge finance, and the parties abstruse in development project are developers and bankers. It is also believed that the BTS system will head a great impact on the developers and the whole shoes industry since there is only the bridging finance to fund the construction activities.In Malaysia, BTS system is not a totally alien system since a few financially strong developers with developments in prime locations have implement the compl ement BTS system. There are two main types of BTS system, which include complete BTS and incomplete BTS. The complete BTS is the developer builds the house and sells when completed CCC or CFO, there is no prior agreement as STB system, therefore, the developer entitle to sell at market price at the time of completion. On the other hand, the partial BTS is a housing delivery system which unite both BTS and STB. For partial BTS, the SP agreement is signed before the construction start and developer can collects a certain piece as initial payment during the SP agreement being signed. The balance of the houses price will be paid after completion with CCC or CFO. The partial BTS can be 1090, 2080 or 3070, the percentage of partial BTS is depend on the developer.The government is more concern to 1090 BTS compare to other partial BTS. In fact, 1090 system is still a Sell first then Build model since the houses are still not notwithstanding to be build at the time sign of SP agreement. However, if the developer fails to complete the project and cause the abandoned project for whatever minds, the buyers are protected from any ignominious fallout. This pickax is introduced by Ministry of Housing and Local Government (MHLG) in which the 10% deposit is paid to the lawyers as down payment upon signing the SP agreement and the sale is locked-in while the balance is payable after the completion of CCC or CFO.The Stakeholders in Build-Then Sell SystemThe word of Stakeholder means that the individuals or groups who are knotty or affected all directly or indirectly by a system or program (Atkinson et al, 1997). Hence, the stakeholders of BTS system include individuals or groups whose interests or quality of life affected by the decision to apply BTS. This impacts received by those people either positively or negatively. The stakeholders in BTS system include housing developers, home-buyers, financial institutions, government, professional bodies and social activists. Th e details of those stakeholders are shown as Table 2.2.StakeholdersDescriptionsDeveloperDeveloper is an entrepreneur. They can identify the need for a particular property overlap and is willing to take risk to produce it for a profit.Background of developer may be in building, estate agency, placeing, finance, law, architecture or business management.They are involved in the real process of development.Some of the developers have total responsibility for the management of every stage of a development. Whereas others are given a large amount of responsibility to a project manager, retaining a more strategic policy role.Financial institutionsDevelopers seek a number of funds to secure the complete measure of equity return from development projects. Therefore, the financial institution plays an important role to finance the projects.Such financial institutions become active developers in their own right are largely a function of the prevailing general investment climate and the par ticular performance of the property market.According to Datuk Seri Ong Ka Ting, under BTS system, banks need to make some commitment towards providing suitable funding to projects.Professional bodiesArchitectThe architect plays a role to critical to the development process.Architect will realize the concept or idea of developer into a workable and attractive solution.Several major elements in the development process such as the acquisition of homework approval, the design of the building and the control of the building contract are widey concerned by the architect.To conform the developers do not run away with the bridge finance, architect need to hit a report of development stage by stage to bank for bank to release money.EngineersThere are some(prenominal) engineer involve in the construction process of the development project. They working closely with the architect and combine to ensure that the plans are structurally and that the mechanical systems will service the buildin g effectively.The engineers involved in a development projects include structural engineer, geotechnical foul engineer, mechanical and electrical engineer or building services engineer and environmental engineer.Quantity surveyorThe quantity surveyor is in charge with the task of cost analysis and cost control.Quantity surveyor included in the initial design deliberations and financial appraisal.SolicitorThe services of a solicitor in the property development process include acquisition through the various stages of cookery approval, contracts for construction, to eventual sale or leasingTable 2.2 Stakeholders in Build-Then-Sell SystemThe Issues of Build-Then-Sell System in MalaysiaSince there are a large number of abandoned projects caused by the economic downswing and developers financial inadequacy, the government introduced the implementation of BTS system. BTS system has been studied over past two decades. In early 1981, the implementation of the BTS system proposed by the Fe deration of Malaysian Consumer Association (Zulkilfli Abdul Ghani, 2004). A decade later, Dr. Ting Chew Peh, the then-Minister of Housing and Local Government, called for implementation of BTS in 1991.There are a lot of benefits to implement BTS system compare to STB system. First, when the developer adopts BTS system, the home-buyers have the chance to see built housing units. The home-buyers also can spot the weaknesses of the houses built and the interest of the home-buyers are protected. Home-buyer prefers to gauge quality of the house quite a than simply betting on such issues based on a coloured brochure. Since the home-buyers can see the houses first before they decide to buy it, so the quality of the houses built is guaranteed.The government endorsed BTS in 1996 which reflected in the 7th Malaysian Plan in Dewan Rakyat by previous-Prime Minister Dr. Mahathir Mohamad (New Strait Times, 1999). However, this is only a small hazard of developers adopt the BTS system. Hence, t he government shoted incentives to the developers who apply either BTS or 1090 system. The incentives include the fast-track approval for BTS projects, a waiver of the RM 200,000 deposit for a housing developers license and an exemption from the low-cost house construction quota.There are some affords have been done by government to support BTS system. First, the government has expanding the role of the current OSC. With the existing of OSC, the development applications process become simultaneously and systematically via a committee headed by council chairmans and made up of other technical department officers. In addition, the other impetuses include replacing the CFO with professionally issued CCC, drafting of a Building and Common Property Act 2007 to ensure a better maintenance and management of stratified properties and waiving of the license deposit for developers who opt for the BTS system. The incentives offered to developers include the reduction of up to four months for the processing of development proposals and the option for developers to replace the quota to build low-cost homes with medium-cost homes.According to Previous Prime Minister Tun Abdullah Badawi (2007), the approvals for selected projects such as BTS, high impact projects, government and foreign investors would be shorter than other projects. The time taken to approve projects for those selected projects will be slashed from five years to six months. In addition, CCC will replace CFO to avoid delays. However, under the CCC system, certified professionals like architects and engineers are authorized to approve buildings for vacant possession. Although professional will managed the outlet of CCC, the local authorities will continue to observe the construction to ensure it is done according to regulations.In 2007, the government announced that the implementation of BTS and STB can be adopted parallel at the same time. Since the developer can choose whether to adopt the new BTS conce pt or the STB concept, therefore only a few developers have taken the governments offered incentives to implement BTS system. The developer prefer STB system rather than BTS system because developers are more familiar with STB system which has been practiced for over 50 years in Malaysia and developers did not want to take risk on the new system. Additionally, most of the developers are still unclear with the application of incentives offered by government.Under the STB system, some professional misconduct was believed to contribute to the housing industrys problems. For instance, a for sale architect will approve project progress although the specifications do not achieved by developers. Again, many lawyers prepare their documents during the pre-construction stage and will simply walk away if the project has been abandoned. To avoid these problems occurred, most of the professional bodies believed that the BTS or 1090 system would minimize the industrys problems and help boost the housing industry.Although the BTS concept can protects home-buyers from being stuck in case a development project is abandoned, but it cannot avoid a development project from being abandoned in the first place. The risks of property development would still exist with or without the BTS system. This is because the risks associated with property development may cause by other factors such as increases in project costs, main contractors capacity and regulatory issues which can affect whether the project can be completed or not.According to Datuk Eddy Chen (2007), the immediate past president of REHDA, there is no need to change the BTS system or its 1090 variant since the abandoned projects are only a small portion of the millions of housing units which success waxy built. However, the abandoned houses are no small matter for those home-buyers who need to pay off loans for units they will not see.From a home-buyers viewpoint, they are willing to pay a slightly price for a house as lon g as they are assured a high-quality house. Many people will be satisfied if they are given the chance to see and examine the completed house before deciding to buy it. Therefore, the home-buyers can accept either the BTS or 1090 system which can reduce their risk when buying a house.According to Datuk seri Kong Cho Ha (2009), the Housing and Local Government Minister, the full BTS system would not be feasible adopted in Malaysia unless the projects are held in a hot area such as Bandar Utama. In our country, only a small amount of developers have the financial capacity to take the high risk of adopting the BTS system and the few financial institutions willing to finance a BTS project because it is risky. Therefore, it is quite hard to let all stakeholders accept the full BTS system since nobody can promise the sales of the completed houses and the return of projects. closely of the developers and financial institutions are not daring to take the risk especially in this economy do wnturn period.The Comparison of Planning Approval Process of Build-Then-Sell System and Sell-Then-Build SystemNowadays, the approval for application of planning is preceded through OSC which will be more effective and efficient than before. To shape up the developers to implement BTS system, the approval of application of planning will be approve through the fast lane in spite of appearance 4 months. The planning approval will be prior given to the developer who adopts BTS system. If the development located within the location that has local planning, the approval of planning will be obtained within 67 days (2 months and 7 days). Besides, the developer who adopts STB system will obtain the approval of application of planning within 6 months. The time used in the planning approval is differs for BTS and STB system. The flowchart of application for proposal development for BTS system and STB system are shown in Figure 2.1 and Figure 2.2.Figure 2.1 Flowchart of Concurrent Application for Proposal Development within 4 Months(Source Guidebook up(a) the Delivery System Procedure and Process of Development Proposal and Implementation of One-Stop Centre (Second Edition), MHLG)Figure 2.2 Flowchart of Concurrent Application for Proposal Development within 6 Months(Source Guidebook Improving the Delivery System Procedure and Process of Development Proposal and Implementation of One-Stop Centre (Second Edition), MHLG)A new set of trite SP Agreements needs to be set up for the 1090 system. In fact, 1090 system is a combination of STB system and BTS system. There are no much different from STB system in the development process and the SP Agreements. To a better understanding of the various existing sale transaction and the payment systems for the different types of purchase, Table 2.3 is shown the comparison on the delivery systems.DetailsCompleted PropertiesSell-Then-Build SystemBuild-Then-Sell System1090 Payment SystemOn the signing of Sale Purchase AgreementPay 10 % of purchase pricePay 10% of Purchase PriceNonePay 10% of Purchase PriceWaiting period for Completion of Construction Notice of Delivery of inert PossessionNone at heart 24 or 36 months or more upon Architects Certification of CompletionWithin 24 or 36 months or more upon Architects Certification of Completion*Within 24 or 36 months or more upon Architects Certification of CompletionBuyer to complete payments3 months from SPA Date (in normal situation)Progressive payment system in percentage (3rd Schedule)(from first 10% payment or SPA Date) while waiting for completion of constructionFull payment of Purchase Price at 24 or 36 months from SPADate depending on the regulated contract of sale90% of Purchase Price at 24 or 36 months from SPA Date depending on the regulated contract of saleWaiting period for actual occupation with Certificate of Fitness for Occupation (CFO)NoneWithin 14 days from Vacant Possession or longer depending on Developers architect to procure the issuance of CFOProposed Vacant Possession with CFO*Proposed Vacant Possession with CFOWaiting period for transfer of individual/strata titlesVaries on whether titles have been issued at the time of signing of SPAVaries from developer to developerProposed Vacant Possession with issuance of titles*Proposed Vacant Possession with issuance of titlesTable 2.3 Comparison on the housing delivery system(Source National Housing Buyers Association)The Advantages of Adoption of Build-Then Sell SystemTo encourage developers adopt BTS system as their housing delivery system, government has offered many incentives for the developers who adopt BTS system. Hence, the developers can enjoy the advantages while adopt the BTS system. In the process of planning approval, the departments involved will give priority to the developers who adopt BTS system. Therefore, the developers that implement BTS system will obtain approval of development faster than the developers who adopt STB system. They can obtain the approva l through fast track of four months while the other will obtain the approval in six months.The other incentives offered include option to build medium-low cost or medium cost houses to replace the low cost houses, exemption from RM200,000 of license fee and SPA enable developer to obtain financing. In housing development, the developers are required to build low cost houses which the requirements are differ from state to state. However, the developers who adopt BTS system can replace the low cost houses by medium-low cost houses or medium cost houses. This offer allow the developer earn more money compare with the development which need to build low cost houses. Additionally, the developers are exempted from RM200,000 for license fee if they implement BTS system. Therefore, the developers save RM200,000 and use it to finance the housing project. Most of the developers claim that they are unable to support BTS system because it is hard to borrow money from bank. Therefore, the govern ment introduces 1090 system which the SP Agreement can be signed before construction stage. With the SP Agreement, the developer can obtain 10% deposits from home-buyers for their development.In fact, the BTS system has bring a lot of advantages to home-buyers. With the implementation of BTS system, the home-buyers can view the complete houses first before they paid the entire payment. Therefore, home-buyers no need to worry the developers run away with the money before complete the houses. Again, the home-buyers are allow to pay the houses price after the houses completed, it is less financial event to the home-buyers during the construction stage. In BTS development, the SP Agreement gives the legal protection to the home-buyers on price guarantee.Since the developers need to complete the houses before sell to home-buyers, the quality and workmanship of the development will be enhanced. If the quality of houses is bad, the complete houses cannot sell out and the developers will s ustain the loss of bad quality houses. In the past, the developers adopt STB system as their housing delivery system and there are many houses had a lot of defects and poor workmanship. Some of the developers are dishonest and use low quality materials to build the houses to earn more money. Under BTS system, if a developer builds a low quality house, the home-buyer can decide do not buy it without sustain any loss. Therefore, the quality of houses will be enhanced under BTS system.In addition, developers are required to be more professional and responsible. Under the implementation of BTS system, only the genuine developers will involve in the development field. Since the developers need to sustain most of the development cost during construction stage under BTS system, therefore incapable developers not dare to adopt BTS system. Hence, only developers who has ability and strong in financial will adopt BTS system to build quality houses for home-buyers. This can make the home-buyer s increase their corporate trust in development sector and the market of property can be increased.The implementation of BTS system can reduce the abandoned projects in Malaysia. The main reason that BTS system can reduce abandoned house is unable developers will not involve in development which adopt BTS system as housing delivery system. In the past, some of the developers are unable to continue the development during construction stage. This situation cause the abandoned houses exist especially during economic downturn period. Moreover, the developers who have no intention of completing their housing projects will be ridded from the housing development which adopt BTS system. The developers only can obtain financial support from financial institution during the construction stage, they have no chance to run away with the payment made by home-buyers. If the developers have no intention to complete the projects, they will lose capital spent in the housing project.The home-buyers n o need to worry when they buy a house under BTS system. This is because the developers will build good quality houses and build according to the specifications in the brochure. Additionally, the certificate of fitness is obtained before home-buyers make the payment for the house, therefore they no need to worry about being cheated by developer when they buy the houses under BTS system. Therefore, the BTS system should be implemented without any further delay to protect home-buyers interests and active property market.The Problems Faced in The Implementation of Build-Then-Sell SystemThe BTS system is a new concept in housing delivery system for stakeholders in Malaysia, so there are less implement mechanisms and policies in Malaysia to expedite the implementation of BTS system (Nor Aini Yusof, 2009). Majority of the developers feel that the government is also not very clear with the concept of BTS system because the government has simply introduce the idea of BTS system without prepa re a proper mechanisms for implementation of BTS system. For an example, MLHG prepared the guidelines for 1090 model only, but did not prepare the guidelines for other model. The stakeholders have argued that the government should prepare proper procedures and guidelines for all BTS variants but not only for 1090 system. Again, the policy makers include the central government, state government and local authorities should cooperate to promote BTS implementation and address administrative and procedural issues to smooth the functioning of BTS system.Moreover, the government offer the incentives for developers who implement full BTS system or 1090 system only. These incentives will not help to encourage developers to adopt other BTS model and the developers will prefer to adopt STB system under this scenario. Although the government offer the incentives to motivate developers to implement BTS system, however there is negative response to the incentives. The incentives are not attracti ve enough to warp developers in adopting BTS because the unclear procedures and uncertainty of application process make the developers feel that the incentives were not worth for them to apply. Therefore, the government should address the procedures and application process clearly and offer the incentives to those developers who implement other BTS variant.Another problem faced by developers who adopt BTS system is a proper monitoring system does not exist in Malaysia. Many parties claim th

The United States Industrial Boom Essay examples -- American History,

After the Civil War had ended the coupled States had many challenges to face. There are a variety of factors that help the country through the tough years that followed the war. The rapid growth of the unify States helped to accommodate a large flow of immigration, and build an extremely powerful industrial infrastructure, as well as temper the hostility still present throughout the country. Trains, and eventually automobiles, opened the West to the rest of the country. People now had an consort from there lives in the East, and eagerly began to populate the farthest corners of the country. America was on its way to making an enormous impact on the worlds industrial market.Raw materials, new techniques in the workplace, a massive increase in the labor force, and numerous technological inventions all played integral parts in the United States economic and industrial boom. Large quantities of coal, iron ore, silver, and gold were discovered in various regions in the West. Lead, quartz, zinc, copper, and other precious metals were likewise found as new areas were uncovered. Around the mines and quarries gathered the workers of the sites along with their families. These people created towns known as boomtowns, which required transportation in the form of trains for their supplies. The same subprogram happened with numerous other raw materials found in the country as well (Brinkley, 449).The agriculture, cattle, and sheep markets made many people large profits and, as with the stones and metals, relied on the railroad to bring the goods to the consumers. With the aid of the railroads there was an abundance of agricultural goods in the United States, American commercial farmers, constantly opening new lands, produced much mor... ...in the United States economic growth.America used its massive reserves of raw materials to produce its way into the world industrial market. Railroads brought American settlers and adventurers across the United States to discov er more raw materials as well as spread out the countrys population from the crowded East. New technologies and innovations allowed for the manipulating of resources until they produced as much profit as possible. The concentration of power and monopolies required, and received, massive numbers of cheap labor. It was that very wealth the monopolies created that attracted millions of immigrants to this country to find work. A cycle of factors where every one played a part, some more crucial than others, yet equally dependent upon one another. This cycle fueled Americas industrial boom, and propelled it into the worlds industrial market.

Essay --

PROPOSAL TO CHANGE THE SMOKING POLICY ON CAMPUSINTRODUCTION Purpose This proposal is to improve the campus environment. Non- smokers does not like the smell of nicotine so it is their right to have a smoke-free environment where they pay tons of thousands of dollars in tuition every year, every semester in many cases. It is designed to encourage better health for everybody.Scope This report covers up policies on our campus. It also compares the policy with policies from other colleges and schools. There are few ways we can serve with this growing issue and improve atmosphere around us. BACKGROUND General Information Every year, there are hundreds of new disciples admitted to our campus. We are given the student handbook at beginning of the year, which includes school policies. Majority of students do not read the book or dear read it for once. We have to start boost students to read the policies about bullet and tobacco usage on and around the university properties. Most of the students do not smoke but the other half community that does come from experience in smoking. They start smoking from high school. Research For this issue, I decided to talk to some of the smokers, non-smokers, faculty, and nurses. Most of them had the same opinion on smoking on campus. I also used internet to find policies on our campus and other colleges around us. Some of them had very strict policies on smoking and usage of tobacco around their campuses. When I looked at the smoking policy on our campus, I found that it has not been updated since 2006. It is a long time to drop down an issue of this level.Findings/ IssuesThrough my research, I came over with few ways we can make our campus green. I also came across the issue of cig... ...ial put spots just for smokers away from the campus buildings. They can smoke there whenever they without jeopardizing other peoples health. Like proposed before, we can establish Smoking Huts one far end of the parking lot.7.We can recomme nd students using the electronic cigarettes instead of traditional smokes. 8.Like many major universities across the nation, we can ban smoking altogether on the campus. This proposal is least likely to pass but as a non-smoker, that is the best way to make our campus environment fresh and clean. CONCLUSIONSpeaking as a non-smoker, this issue is very serious for us. We definitely have to respect smokers choice to smoke but they have to respect ours as well. Not many people like the smell or burning nicotine. These proposals certainly can help clean our community and provide better environment for future generations.